從全國政協和全國人大高層最近的表態來看，全國「兩會」對港澳的社會政治和經濟有着重大的意義。
首先，全國政協主席、中央政治局常委王滬寧3月8日會見港澳政協委員時提出四點希望：一是希望落實好一國兩制，讓國內外、全世界知道一國兩制是好制度，要落實好憲法、《基本法》，堅持「愛國者治港」原則，維護國家主權、安全和發展利益，保持香港長期繁榮穩定；二是希望大家抓住機遇，同國家同步，發展好香港的經濟；三是希望解決好香港的民生問題，包括住房、就業、青年和養老等；四是希望講好中國故事及香港故事。
王滬寧冀港澳政協 發揮雙重積極作用
部分港澳政協委員表示，王滬寧強調習近平總書記對一國兩制和港澳工作提出的新理念、新思維、新戰略，引領和推動香港、澳門保持長期穩定發展良好態勢。王滬寧敦促港澳政協委員深入學習貫徹中共二十大精神，堅定對國家和港澳發展的信心。王滬寧表示，香港、澳門可以在推進中華民族偉大復興中發揮獨特作用。他希望港澳政協委員發揮「雙重積極作用」，全面準確、堅定不移貫徹一國兩制、港人治港、澳人治澳、高度自治的方針，支持落實中央全面管治權，落實愛國者治港、愛國者治澳原則，做一國兩制事業的擁護者、實踐者、捍衛者。堅定維護國家安全，齊心協力謀發展，切實排解民生憂難，多做思想引領、凝聚共識工作，匯聚促進一國兩制行穩致遠的智慧和力量。
另外，中央港澳工作領導小組組長丁薛祥3月6日在會見港澳政協委員時，就港澳門問題發表重要演說。丁薛祥對港澳的評估主要集中在三個方面：（一）香港要保持對外開放，發揮「超級聯繫人」的作用，透過北部都會區融入粵港澳大灣區合作發展。（二）維護國家安全是港澳一國兩制的根本，中央政府全力支持香港《基本法》第23條立法；（三）兩個特別行政區政府要解決民生問題，香港需要避免「政治日常化」，集中精力改善民生；澳門則要堅持經濟適度多元化，以及在愛國主義教育方面取得的良好成果。
李強：港澳要積極參與大灣區建設
第三，國務院總理李強在《政府工作報告》中談到港澳的發展。他表示，中央政府支持北京、天津、長三角、大灣區發揮優勢潛力，推動高品質生產力發展。同時，香港、澳門要繼續全面、準確、堅定不移貫轍一國兩制、港人治港、澳人治澳，高度自治的方針，堅持依法治港治澳，落實愛國者治港、愛國者治澳原則。李強的報告指出，兩個特別行政區要發展經濟、改善民生，利用自身優勢與特點，積極參與粵港澳大灣區建設，更好融入國家發展大局，保持香港、澳門長期繁榮穩定。
第四，全國人大會議發言人婁勤儉3月5日表示，中央全力支持香港政府就《基本法》第23條立法，並說23條立法與《香港國安法》有效銜接，與香港其他法律「融會貫通」，共同構成系統完善的維護國家安全法律體系，「有利於維護國家主權、安全、發展利益，保持香港長期繁榮穩定，有利於保障香港全體居民的根本福祉、有利於保護世界各地來香港投資的利益，確保香港長治久安，一國兩制行穩致遠」。
婁勤儉也表示，一國兩制下的香港具有獨特的優勢，包括在國家戰略發展下發揮雙循環功能的「毅力、活力、潛力和特殊作用」。因此，香港能夠作為高品質對外開放平台方面發揮關鍵作用。
王毅：盼龍的傳人都支持和平統一
第五，外交部長王毅3月7日談到台灣問題時表示，國際上誰想縱容台獨，必將引火燒身、自食苦果。王毅引用習近平主席3月6日的講話表示，中方對台灣境內外的愛國力量寄予厚望，希望不斷壯大反獨促統力量，共同推進祖國和平統一進程。王毅也表示，最近的台灣地區選舉只是中國的一個地方選舉，選舉結果絲毫改變不了台灣是中國一部分的基本事實，也改變不了台灣必將回歸祖國的歷史大勢。王毅表示，所有龍的傳人都應秉持民族大義，共同反對台獨，支持和平統一。
3月6日，國家主席習近平向參加全國兩會的婦女代表致以三八婦女節祝賀的同時，表示民革（中國國民黨革命委員會）要在對台工作大局中進一步找準定位、發揮優勢、積極作為，更好團結海內外、島內外一切反獨促統力量，共同推進和平統一進程。習近平也表示，要積極推動兩岸科技、農業、人文、青年發展等領域交流合作，深化兩岸各領域整合發展。
王滬寧、丁薛祥、李強、王毅和習近平主席的講話，對香港、澳門、台灣的社會經濟和政治意義十分突出。
首先，王滬寧、丁薛祥、李強的講話顯示出共同點，都強調維護中央政府在香港、澳門的國家安全的首要地位，以及加快港澳社會經濟一體化的重要性。不僅納入大灣區建設，也納入國家戰略規劃。李強談到中央支持京津冀、長三角、大灣區發展，意味着港澳已納入中國大陸宏觀區域經濟發展。
因此，加速香港、澳門融入大灣區勢在必行。這就是為什麼澳門經濟適度多元化，特別是與橫琴合作區的發展，現在被視為政策重點。同樣，香港政府也必須加快北部都會區的建設和發展規劃。 一方面香港和深圳之間、另一方面澳門和橫琴之間更深層的領土一體化可能只是時間問題，其形式可能是採用「一線」和「二線」通關，又或是跨界轉變的動態過程中可移動的「邊界」。
其次，中央強調香港非政治化的重要性和改善兩地民生的必要性。這種心態，從馬克思主義的角度分析，反映了中央對香港、澳門的上層建築（思想、制度、法律、教育）的看法：香港的上層建築必須改革，尤其是婁勤儉公開表示，香港的上層建築必須改革。《基本法》第23條立法，香港將有一個完整的「國家安全法律體系」來保護國家安全。丁薛祥對澳門的愛國主義教育表示讚賞，而香港的愛國主義教育在當前深化改革的過程中必須堅持下去。從制度上講，香港新的立法會選舉和區議會選舉都是為了實現「愛國者治港」的目標。香港的法律、制度和教育上層建築皆需要改革，而澳門的上層建築則進行了小幅調整，即修改了2009年已制定的《維護國家安全法》內容。
第三，在港澳上層建築需要改革的同時，兩地經濟基礎進一步鞏固。在中央政府的大力支持下，大灣區為兩地發展資訊科技提供了新的機會窗口，利用內地的優勢發展經濟和戰略產業（香港的旅遊業和資訊科技業、及澳門文化旅遊業和博彩業）。丁薛祥將香港稱為「超級聯繫人」，是中央把香港視為中國經濟現代化新階段新窗口的重要言論。換句話說，正如婁勤儉所說，香港仍可成為中國透過吸引外資和企業深化國家經濟發展的開放平台。如果說雙循環不僅指拉動內需，還包括對外貿易和互動，那麼香港現在則重新定位為中國加快粵港澳大灣區內需消費和一帶一路對外聯繫的新窗口。而澳門則是中國吸引葡語國家投資興業的重要平台與磁石。 總之，香港、澳門的經濟基礎得到了充分利用，其潛力在中華民族復興的階段得到充分發揮。
第四，也許關於台灣最具意義的言論來自習近平主席，他強調擴大愛國工作，深化兩岸在科學、藝術和人文、農業和青年發展方面的交流。鑑於福建已經設立特區，加強與台灣的融合工作，可以預見，與台灣的社會文化融合的進程可能會比人們普遍認為的要快得多。正如王毅所暗示的那樣，障礙來自於台灣的執政當局，最近金門附近發生的兩名大陸漁民遇難的漁船翻船悲劇也證明了這一點。從大陸官方的角度來看，台方必須向兩名遇難者家屬道歉，但迄今為止仍然是僵局。此外，北京大學台灣研究院院長李義虎3月8日表示，大陸當局對賴清德即將就任台灣新一任總統時的言論似乎採取觀望態度。
港澳料更有效處理民生問題
總而言之，分析中央對香港、澳門、台灣的重要講話，可以明確香港、澳門在當前中華民族偉大復興進程中的新的戰略定位。 依照中共二十大精神，香港、澳門將全力維護中央國家安全。因此，香港正在加速推進《基本法》第23條立法進程，這是香港建構完善的國家安全法律制度的重要進程。香港正在發揮促進國家雙循環的超級聯繫人作用，為京津長三角、大灣區軸線發展的區域政治經濟作出貢獻。另一方面，澳門預計將加速經濟適度多元化，利用橫琴及相關合作區不僅不斷擴大其實體空間，而且可作為新興產業的跳板，擺脫傳統上對賭場資本主義的嚴重依賴。然而，香港和澳門預計將比以前更加「社會主義」，以更有效的方式處理民生，同時盡可能使兩個城市去政治化。2024年3月的全國政協和全國人大會議已經透露了中央政府對香港和澳門的戰略重新定位。儘管大陸熱衷於擴大愛國統一戰線，以拓寬和深化兩岸在藝術、人文、科學、農業及青年發展等領域的互動，但同時亦對台灣當局採取觀望態度。
CPPCC and NPC Sessions: Implications for Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan
Judging from the most recent remarks made by senior Chinese authorities of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and the National People’s Congress (NPC), their socio-political and economic implications for Hong Kong and Macau are tremendous.
First and foremost, Wang Huning, the chairman of the CPPCC and a member of the Standing Committee of the Politburo, met the Hong Kong and Macau members of the CPPCC on March 8 and he expressed four expectations: (1) resolutely implementing the “one country, two systems” and integrating Hong Kong and Macau into the developmental blueprint of the Chinese nation; (2) Hong Kong and Macau developing the economy collectively and unitedly, especially as Hong Kong is undergoing a process of transition from “governance to prosperity;” (3) resolving the livelihood issues including employment, housing, elderly case and public health as well as the wellbeing of youth; and (4) CPPCC members actively explaining the advantages of “one country, two systems” to outsiders and the world, especially in face of the attempts by some outsiders to “blacken” the image of “one country, two systems.”
Some Hong Kong and Macau members of the CPPCC said that Wang emphasized the leadership of Party General Secretary Xi Jinping in the formulation of new ideas, new thinking, and new strategies of “one country, two systems” in Hong Kong and Macau, with the ultimate objectives of maintaining long-term prosperity and development. Wang urged the Hong Kong and Macau CPPCC members to have “firm confidence” on both the Chinese nation and the development of Hong Kong and Macau, implementing the spirit of the 20th Party Congress. As such, Wang added, Hong Kong and Macau can and will play their unique functions in the process of propelling the renaissance of the Chinese nation. The Hong Kong and Macau members of the CPPCC are expected to play the key roles of “supporting, implementing, defending” the “one country, two systems,” and to do more in the aspects of resolutely protecting national security, unitedly promoting the development of the two cities, realistically solving the problems of the people’s livelihood, and coherently gathering the consensus in society.
Second, Ding Xuexiang, the leader of the Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau, made several important points in his remarks on Hong Kong and Macau on March 6 during a meeting with CPPCC members from the two special administrative regions. Ding’s comments on Hong Kong and Macau focused on three aspects: (1) Hong Kong needs to maintain its open door to the outside world while playing the role of a “super-connector” and a cooperative actor integrating with the Greater Bay Area through the Northern Metropolis: (2) national security remains the basic foundation of the “one country, two systems” in Hong Kong and Macau while the central government fully supports Hong Kong’s enactment of Article 23 of the Basic Law; (3) the governments of the two special administrative regions must solve the issues of the people’s livelihood, with Hong Kong having the need to avoid “daily politicization” and to focus on the improvement of the wellbeing of ordinary people, while Macau must persist in economic diversification and in its already good work in patriotic education.
Third, Premier Li Qiang’s government report touched on the development of Hong Kong and Macau. He commented that the central government supports Beijing, Tianjin, the Yangtze Delta, and the Greater Bay Area to develop their strengths and potentiality for the sake of propelling high-quality productive forces. At the same time, Hong Kong and Macau must accurately and resolutely implement the “one country, two systems,” the principles of “Hong Kong people ruling Hong Kong” and “Macau people ruling Macau,” and the two places must realize the tenet of “patriotic people” ruling Hong Kong and Macau. Both special administrative regions, according to Li Qiang’s report, must develop their economy and improve the livelihood issues, utilizing their own comparative advantages to actively participate in the construction of the Greater Bay Area and in the national developmental plan of China, thereby ensuring the long-term prosperity of Hong Kong and Macau.
Fourth, the spokesperson of the NPC session, Lou Qianjian, remarked on March 5 that the central government fully supports the Hong Kong government to legislate on Article 23 of the Basic Law, adding that Article 23 has “converging” aspects with the national security law and other existing Hong Kong law, thereby constructing a “perfect national security law system” of protecting China’s national security and ensuring Hong Kong’s long-term stability and safety. Lou also commented that Hong Kong under the “one country, two systems” has unique advantages, including its “perseverance, vitality, potential and special role” in developing the function of “double circulation” under China’s national strategic development. As such, Hong Kong can and will play a pivotal role in being a high-quality platform opening the door to the outside world.
Fifth, Foreign Minister Wang Yi on March 7 talked about Taiwan, saying that those people in the international world who support Taiwan’s separatists would burn themselves and swallow their own bitter pills. Wang quoted the remarks of President Xi Jinping on March 6 that China has expectations on those patriotic people inside and outside Taiwan as they can and will become a united front propelling the process of reunification. Wang Yi also commented that the recent Taiwan elections were only a local election within China, and that the election results cannot change the basic fact that Taiwan is a part of mainland China. Moreover, the election results cannot change the historical trend that Taiwan will certainly return to the motherland. Wang said that all Chinese descendants must support nationalism and support peace and reunification.
During a meeting with the CPPCC women session on March 6, President Xi Jinping said that the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang should expand its work further to those patriotic people inside and outside Taiwan for the sake of propelling the reunification process and work. Xi also added that cross-strait science, agricultural development, arts and humanities, and youth development should enhance and deepen exchange, cooperation, and integrative process.
Putting together the remarks made by Wang Huning, Ding Xuexiang, Li Qiang, Wang Yi and President Xi Jinping, the socio-economic and political significance for Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan is prominent.
First, the remarks of Wang Huning, Ding Xuexiang and Li Qiang showed the commonalities of emphasizing the paramount importance of protecting the central government’s national security in both Hong Kong and Macau, and the primacy of accelerating the socio-economic integration of Hong Kong and Macau into not only the Greater Bay Area but also the national strategic plan. Li Qiang’s comment on the central government’s support of Beijing, Tianjin, the Yangtze Delta, and the Greater Bay Area development means that both Hong Kong and Macau have already been incorporated in the macro-level regional economic development of mainland China.
As such, the faster integration of Hong Kong and Macau into the Greater Bay Area is a must. This was why Macau’s economic diversification, especially its development of the cooperation zone with Hengqin, is now regarded as a policy priority. Similarly, the Hong Kong government must accelerate the construction work and developmental plans of the Northern Metropolis. Deeper territorial integration between Hong Kong and Shenzhen on the one hand and between Macau and Hengqin on the other hand will likely be a matter of time, in the form of perhaps using the “first” and “second” lines of customs perhaps as movable “borders” in the dynamic process of cross-boundary transformations.
Second, the central authorities have stressed the importance of depoliticization in Hong Kong and the imperative of improving the people’s livelihood in the two cities. This mentality, from a Marxist analytical perspective, reflects how the central authorities see the superstructure (ideas, institutions, law, education) of Hong Kong and Macau: the superstructure of Hong Kong must be reformed, especially, as Lou said publicly, the imperative of enacting the Article 23 legislation so that there is and will be a comprehensive “national security legal system” protective of China’s national security. While Ding Xuexiang praised Macau’s patriotic education, Hong Kong’s patriotic education must persist in its current process of deepening reforms. Institutionally, Hong Kong’s new Legislative Council elections and District Council elections were already held for the sake of achieving the objective of patriotic people ruling Hong Kong. While the legal and institutional as well as education superstructure of Hong Kong necessitated reforms, Macau’s superstructure witnessed minor adjustment in the form of amending the content of the national security legislation which had long been enacted in 2009.
Third, while the superstructure of the two places necessitated reforms, the economic base of both Hong Kong and Macau are consolidated further. With the central government’s strong support, the Greater Bay Area presents a new window of opportunities for both cities to develop their information technology, utilizing the strengths of the mainland to develop its economy and strategic industries (tourism and information technology in Hong Kong, gaming industry and cultural tourism in Macau). Ding Xuexiang’s comment on Hong Kong as a “super-connector” was an important remark pointing to how central authorities see Hong Kong as a new window for China’s new phase of economic modernization. In other words, Hong Kong can, as Lou Qianjian says, still be an open-door platform for China to deepen the nation’s economic development through the attraction of foreign investment and businesses. If “double circulation” refers to not only the stimulation of domestic consumption but also external trade and interactions, then Hong Kong is now repositioned as China’s new window of accelerating domestic consumption in the Greater Bay Area and of outreaching to other countries through China’s Belt and Road scheme. Macau, on the other hand, is China’s important platform and magnet attracting the investment and businesses from Portuguese-speaking countries. In short, the economic base of both Hong Kong and Macau is fully utilized, and its potential is to be fully maximized in the stage of Chinese renaissance.
Fourth, perhaps the most interesting remarks about Taiwan came from President Xi Jinping, who emphasized the expansion of patriotic work and the deepening of cross-strait exchanges in science, arts and humanities, agriculture, and youth development. Given that Fujian has already established a special district enhancing its integration work with Taiwan, it can be anticipated that socio-cultural integration with Taiwan may proceed much faster than conventional wisdom assumes. The obstacle comes from the ruling authorities in Taiwan, as implied by Wang Yi and as evidenced in the most recent tragedy of the capsized fishing boat in which two mainland fishermen died near Kinmen. From the mainland official perspective, the Taiwan side must apologize to the family members of the two victims, but so far, an impasse persists. Moreover, the mainland authorities appear to adopt a wait-and-see attitude toward the remarks made by William Lai during his forthcoming inauguration as the next president of Taiwan, as commented by Li Yihu, a mainland Taiwan expert from Peking University’s Institute for Global Cooperation and Understanding, on March 8.
In conclusion, analysing the important remarks made by the central authorities on Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan, we can identify the new strategic repositioning of both Hong Kong and Macau in the current process of developing the Chinese national renaissance. In accordance with the spirit of the 20th Party Congress, Hong Kong and Macau are expected to fully protect the central government’s national security. As such, Hong Kong is now accelerating the process of legislating on Article 23 of the Basic Law – an essential process of constructing a comprehensive national security legal regime for the special administrative region. Hong Kong is playing the role of a “super-connector” facilitating the “dual circulation” in China and contributing to the regional political economy of development along the Beijing-Tianjin-Yangtze Delta-Greater Bay Area axis. On the other hand, Macau is expected to accelerate its economic diversification by using Hengqin and the related cooperation zone as not only its expanding physical space but also a launching pad for new industries away from its traditional heavy reliance on casino capitalism. Yet, both Hong Kong and Macau are expected to be more “socialist” than before, dealing with the people’s livelihood in a far more effective manner while depoliticizing the two cities as much as possible. The CPPCC and NPC sessions in March 2024 have already revealed the central government’s strategic repositioning of Hong Kong and Macau while adopting a wait-and-see attitude toward the Taiwan authorities, even though the mainland is keen to expand the patriotic front to broaden and deepen cross-strait interactions in the areas of arts, humanities, science, agricultural and youth development.
原刊於澳門新聞通訊社（MNA）網站，本社獲作者授權轉載。原文網址：https://tinyurl.com/3jjkbkrp
車品覺
陳章華
王弼
施永青
鄭永年
周光蓁
陳家偉
劉銳紹
張翠容
徐家健
常霖法師
黃錦輝